Monday, September 30, 2019

Gesell’s Concept of Maturation Essay

Abstract The concept of maturation presented by Arnold Gesell is central to developmental psychology. He said that childs growth or development is influenced by the environment and the action of the genes. He also indicated that the childs development occurred in a fixed order through a series of stages. He opposed any instructional efforts on placing a child ahead of schedule; when the time is right, the child will simply begin to master the task through his/her own inner urges. Two major criticisms to his concept are also presented in this paper. Gesells Concept of MaturationIntroduction Pioneered by the American psychologist Arnold Gesell (1880-1961), the concept of maturation, which is central to developmental psychology, stresses the role of nature in human development (Gale Group, 2001.)The purpose of this paper is to take a look at the major concepts of Gesells concept of maturation and to present and discuss two criticisms of his concepts. Gesells Concept of MaturationGesell said that the childs growth or development is influenced by two major forces: The environment and the action of the genes. Gesell called this process maturation (Crain, 2005). He observed that a childs development occurred in a fixed order through a series of stages. This is an outstanding feature in maturational development. (Gale Group, 2001). By observing how an embryo adhered to a specific order in its own development, Gesell proposed that a child post natal neuromotor development also followed a strict specific order (Crain, 2005). His concept of maturation allowed him to see that just like a baby learns to run by first sitting, then standing, then walking, the principles of maturation also have a rate of development that is controlled by internal genetic mechanisms (Crain, 2005). And the forces of socialization that are so important in the growing and developing of a child have a positive and direct effect only if they are in tune with the inner maturational principles. Therefore, he opposed any instructional efforts on placing a  child ahead of schedule; when the time is right, the child will simply begin to master the task through his/her own inner urges. Until then, teaching will be of little value and will only create tension between the child and the caregiver (Crain, 2005). As an evidence of his concept of maturation, Gesell and Thompson conducted a study with twins. One twin was trained on activities such as stair-climbing and the grasping and manipulation of cubes. The twin that was trained showed some superior skill when compared with the untrained twin. But the untrained twin soon caught up, with much less practice, and at the age that he was supposed to perform those activities. Then, there is a timetable that determines the childs readiness to do things and the benefits or early training and teaching are relatively temporary (Crain, 2005). Discussion of Criticisms on Gesells concept of maturationThe interplay of nature and nurtureThe interplay role of nature and nurture, rather than the importance of one over the other, has gained a greater emphasis in the work of more recent figures, such as psychologist Jean Piaget, whose theory of cognitive developmentin children has been a model for much subsequent work in the field. Going beyond simplistic dichotomies, scientists have been able to gather substantial amounts of specific data on the effects of heredity and environment through family, twin, and adoption studies. Current concepts of maturation focus on models in which each stage of a developmental process is defined not only by innate characteristics but also by increased receptivity (or â€Å"readiness†) toward certain environmental factors. (Gale Group, 2001.)Age normsOne of the most frequently cited criticisms of Gesells concept of maturation has to do with his manner of presenting age norms. He implies too much uniformity and gives no idea on how much variation can be expected at any given age. His norms were based on middle-class children in a university setting and may not apply perfectly in other cultural contexts (Crain, 2005). ConclusionGesells concept of maturation is fundamental for the study of human development, since it considers two significant factors: Genes and environment. The specific order in which things happens is essential to his  concept of maturation. But two major criticisms can be presented about Gesells concept of maturation: The role of nurture and nature, and the age norms he used for his studies and observations. References Crain, William (2005). Theories of Development, Concepts and Applications. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gale Group, 2001.Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed.http://findarticles.com/

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Unicorns Are Real After All

Unicorns Are Real After All The Lavada Johnston Story â€Å"I just don’t understand how people can go through with one-night stands, I just can’t do it. † I just sat there for a little while in silent disbelief. I was trying to decide whether or not I should take offense to the statement or not. Before I could formulate my response, my friend Lavada said, â€Å"No offense to you, or anyone else, I just don’t get it. † Throughout my life, I thought I had encountered pretty much every type of person, and I could’ve sworn that I had my generation completely pegged. However, since meeting Lavada Johnston, my iron-clad definition of people my age has been greatly disproven. I first met Lavada, in my Stage Crafting class. Because it was the beginning of the semester, I didn’t really know any of the other theater students just yet. But for some reason, I felt drawn to her. She had a very intriguing look about her. She had a curvaceous and voluptuous body type. Her hair was jet black, nails painted black, black eye make-up, and a lip ring. My first impression was that she was either of the gothic or emo persuasion, but she didn’t exactly have the particularly â€Å"dark† quality that most gothic/emo people I’ve met possess. She had sort of a quirkiness about her that didn’t seem intimidating. In fact, it was pretty much very inviting. I consider myself a pretty good judge of character, so I decided to befriend her. To my surprise, it didn’t take long at all for us to develop a rather strong friendship with each other. The more I hung around her, the more interesting she became to me, and still does now. She sometimes seems sort of reserved and maybe even shy sometimes, but all of that goes out of the window when she is comfortable. She is full of life, a vibrant fun loving college student. When I found out that her natural hair color is actually blonde, I wasn’t even surprised. In fact, once I thought about it, it really suits her, and her personality. Like myself, Lavada is a theater major. She wants to pursue musical theater, but for some reason, she is shy about singing. This is something I didn’t understand considering she has an amazing singing, and perfect for the theater. Her musical interests are also something that caused us to spark such a quick friendship. Turns out we are both Family Force 5 fanatics, although Lavada may be border lining obsession. All of the things I’ve mentioned about her are all things I find very interesting about her. But there is one particular reason that piqued my interest enough to really cause me to press even further into her life and to explore her outlook on the world around her. One day after grabbing lunch in the union, Lavada and I were walking together, seeing how my dorm was in the same direction as hers. We had what eventually became a very serious discussion. I’ll never forget my mixture of surprise and disbelief when I found out Lavada’s secret. I’m not exactly sure how we got on this topic of conversation, but somehow we ended up discussing sex. However, it’s not like it’s uncommon for college students to talk about sex. In fact, what college student hasn’t had sex before, right? Wrong. I still can hear the words as clear as a bell in my head, â€Å"Scottie, I’m a virgin. † When she told me this, there was no way I could hide the shocked expression plastered all over my face. It took me a while to even gather that she was serious. Lavada Johnston is a twenty-one year old college student, who has never had sex. Part of me felt guilty for being so surprised by this confession. I mean, it’s not like it’s a bad thing or anything like that. It was just, I’ve never known such a person to resist. But then I decided that I must be missing something here. Maybe I should read the fine print, I thought. But as I pressed further into Lavada and her sexual activity, the more I believed her. I said to myself there has to be some technicalities or something because you can’t just go your entire life without having sex, unless you’re one of those insanely religious people or something. Seeing how Lavada wasn’t anywhere near being a religious type person, my curiosity was piqued even further. For lack of a better one, my first question was simply, â€Å"Why? Lavada looked around, gave an innocent but rather vacant expression, flailed her hands up and said, â€Å"I don’t know. † By this point, I began to seriously pester her and express my whole-hearted awe in her confession. Over and over again, Lavada gave me not one excuse or reason as to why she had never had sex. Everything she said was enough to cause the average girl to have the occasional â₠¬Å"I hate boys† syndrome, but never is it enough to hold back the raging hormones we’re faced with at this age. Or so I thought. I decided to have an official interview with Lavada, in which I would be determined to find the answers I was looking for. Lavada Johnston was born in Winona, Mississippi and then later moved to Eupora, Mississippi, which is where she stills whenever school isn’t in session. She attended Montgomery High School in Kilmichael, where she graduated in the year 2007. Throughout her school days, Lavada seemed to be the classic headstrong rebel type of girl who got into plenty of trouble for fighting. Her family moved around a lot, so she never stayed in one place for long. This made it really hard for her to develop a strong circle of friends. Therefore, she turned to books. She loves to read. She was one of those Harry Potter type kids, into mythical creatures, magic, vampires, you know, the whole nine yards. As far as music goes, aside from Family Force 5, she is pretty much hard rock oriented. I asked her why she chose to come to Ole Miss. She responded with a very straight forward answer. â€Å"It was either here, or Mississippi State, but if I had gone to state, I know I would’ve gotten into too many fights. I simply laughed and nodded in agreement at my friend. It is safe to say, that since coming to college, she has finally found steady friends, which of course she loves because she hasn’t ever really had that before. I of course was and still am both grateful and happy to be a friend to her. The more I hang around Lavada, the more I see the kind of person she is. There is no denying that is sweet and kind to any everyone. I obser ved that she has a hard to saying no to people, even if she wants to. In my opinion, Lavada possesses something that is rare in our generation. And I don’t mean her virginity. Although, I do believe that it truly reflects the kind of person she really is. She’s someone who isn’t concerned with impressing others. The fact that she has yet to swipe her â€Å"V- card† speaks volumes about her values and the standards that she holds for herself. She is kind, fun-loving, and seems to sincerely care about her fellow human-being in a way that is apparent in her everyday life. I truly wish more people our age would take a lesson from Lavada, and maybe we could all make a change for the better.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The Pantheon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Pantheon - Essay Example The force of the presence of Pantheon as well as its environmental symbolism often works charismatically upon visitors who experience the beautiful reach of its canopied void while passing through its bronze door into the enclosing rotunda. The extensive and influential architectural effects of the Pantheon upon the subsequent buildings are incontrovertible, and documented widely for the design and various aspects of the architecture (Baker 30). The controversial designer of the architecture, Hadrian, had an in-depth architectural brilliance accompanied with deep interest in architecture. He demonstrated inexplicable impudence and superiority in his architectures. Literature reveals that the conception and design of the Pantheon was original. Notwithstanding the fair amount of data and information on the history of the building, the eventual meaning and impression of the building remains in its intricacy and mystery. The description of the Rome architecture, the Pantheon, is presente d with information on its history. The description will cover the interior and exterior descriptions. History of the Pantheon According to MacDonald, the architect of the Rome Pantheon is unidentified. MacDonald states that it is almost certain that Hadrian was not the architect of the Pantheon despite his name being widely suggested as the one. He argues that the construction of the building must have required a thorough going professional to create the drawings and models, calculate the design and construction details and supervise the complex and extracting work as it progressed. Whoever the architect of the Pantheon may have been, the architect stands in relation to the building of Hadrian as Justinian to the Hagia Sophia or Louis XIV to Versailles. Hadrian, the Pantheon as well as the cultural texture of the early second century are all interlinked inextricably. As a result, no doubt exists that Hadrian was the motivating personality behind the conception and design of the Pant heon (MacDonald 12). Hadrian was born in well established colonial family in Roman Spain during the reign of emperor Vespian in 76 A.D. Hadrian was made the emperor upon the death of Trajan who reigned between 98 and 117 A.D. Hadrian reigned between 117 and 138 A.D. The location where the Pantheon was built was earlier occupied by a rectangular sanctuary of similar dedication built by the great minister Agrippa of Augustus, and dedicated around 25 B.C. The building was burnt down twice prior to the accession of Hadrian, and replaced entirely by Hadrian with the current structure. Nevertheless, Hadrian reinstated the original inscriptions of Agrippa, â€Å"Marcus Agrippa the son of Lucius, three times consul, built this,† on his new building. This inscription has led to significant confusion. Up-to-date, the Pantheon is uncommonly said to have been constructed during the period of Augustus Caesar. This date is wide off the mark by approximately 150 years because the inscriptio n in bold bronze letters that spreads across the entablature of the great porch is modern (MacDonald 13). The appropriate date of building the Pantheon is approximated to be the first half of the reign of Hadrian. The architecture was not commenced prior to 117 A.D., and was most probably dedicated around 126 A.D. to 128 A.D. During the second century, the Roman brick makers stamped methodologically a

Friday, September 27, 2019

Capital Punishment in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital Punishment in the United States - Essay Example This basically translates into a government wherein the powers of the central (national) government are limited or restricted and in which the component states enjoy a certain degree of autonomy, sovereignty and self-government. In this form, the sovereign power rests with the people who elect their representatives. However, the component states that form the United States are bound by the Supreme law of the land, the Constitution. With that in mind, it would be necessary to state the degree of autonomy each state has in governing its respective territories and constituents. Each state has the three main branches of government, namely the executive, legislative and judiciary. The executive is headed by the Governor, while the legislative and judiciary are composed of State representatives similar to that of these branches at the national level. Each state has its own laws and each State Supreme Court has the power to create the judicial determination of issues of law on their own, subject only to the limitations imposed by the Constitution and the US Supreme Court. One of the limitations imposed by the U.S. Constitution on the issue of capital punishment is mainly enshrined in the Eighth Amendment, prescribing the use of cruel and unusual punishment. For around four decades now since 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court has held steadfast in its ruling that the death penalty does not violate the Eighth Amendment. Another key limitation is one wherein the U.S. Supreme Court overturned death penalty sentences in 19 states when it held that the death penalty could not be imposed on convicted murderers who were under the age of 18 at the time they committed their crimes. (Walker 2006) Thus, it can be seen that indeed each state has the right to determine whether or not a convicted felon should be executed, as long as the State law allows it, and the practice is in accordance with the limitations set on the National level. Therefore, various differences can be seen as to how State practice and legislation allows capital punishment.  Ã‚  

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Hindu religion in yoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hindu religion in yoga - Essay Example yoga can hardly be called a religion; however, it is absolutely clear that it heavily relies on the spiritual tradition that was developed by the Hindu. In other words, yoga should be regarded a disguised religious practice and if it is really so, should not it be regulated by other rules and regulations that are different than those which are applicable at the moment? In addition to that, one of the biggest negative aspects of the influence of the above mentioned activities is that they eliminate the difference between ordinary citizens and believers: people who take up yoga classes end up operating a large array of terms that are used in Hindu tradition. It is quite obvious that the state should be concerned that a considerable part of the population is being converted into religious followers. Secondly, one would make no mistake arguing that yoga glasses have a negative impact on Christianity as a religion. Indeed, no matter how sorrowful it may be, but most people tend to go to church once a week – on Sundays. Contrary to that, yoga classes are at least twice or even three times a week. As a result, people tend to be in this religiously filled environment more often than they would be in the church that they associate themselves with. It is my strong belief that this distorts spiritual outlook of the people and does not allow them to be good Christians. In addition to that, it is quite obvious that the religious traditions that are being promoted in the course of yoga classes are quite different from the religious traditions that are preached in churches. There may be no doubt that if a believer spends one day in one religious environment and three days in a different one, the chances that his or her faith will become less strong are quite high. Finally, the great est threat lies in the fact that the views in yoga as well as in Christianity are incompatible. The latter is largely based on faith in Jesus Christ which is considered to be the cornerstone of

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

The strategic position of Thorntons PLC in 2003 Essay

The strategic position of Thorntons PLC in 2003 - Essay Example The internal performance of Thorntons Plc is multi-faceted, consisting of various aspects which are inherent in its operations. An internal analysis considers the company's culture, image, organizational culture, key staff, access to natural resources, position on the experience curve, operational efficiency, operational capacity, brand awareness, market share, financial resources, exclusive contracts, and patents and trade secrets. Simplifying all these generates three main considerations-resources, capabilities, and core competencies. Thus, for decision makers inside a firm, the main challenge is the identification, development, deployment, and protection of resources, capabilities, and core competencies (What Tools Are Useful in Assessing the Internal Environment n.d.). In business terms, resources refers to the inputs that goes into the firms production process such as capital equipment, skill, individual employees, patents, finance and talented managers (Dess, Taylor & Lumpkin 2005). Resource can be classified as tangible, intangible, or organization capabilities. The resource-based view of a firm emphasizes that a "firm can earn sustainable supra-normal returns if and only if they have superior resources and those resources are protected by some form of isolating mechanisms preventing their diffusion in the whole industry" (Resource-Based View of a Firm 2007). Furthermore, these supra-normal returns are possible only if resources are valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and non-substitutable (Dess, Lumpkin, and Taylor 2005). Tangible resources are relatively easy to identify. This category typically includes the physical and financial assets used to create value for the customer. In order to fully identify the tangible resources of Thorntons Plc, this report will divide them into financial, physical, technological, and organizational resources. 1. Physical Maintaining its reputation as one of the classic makers of indulgent confectionery, Thorntons Plc continues to use a larger proportion of manual processes in its production system. In the industry where almost all the manufacturing processes are mechanized, Thorntons take charge of the quality of its products by being fully different from its competitors. In terms of physical resource, the company becomes remarkable because of its minimal automated processes (Jennings 2003). Thorntons business is also highly dependent on its distribution channels specially its own stores. It should be noted that the company is recognized because of the number of its outlets in the whole United Kingdom (Jennings 2003). These stores have become instrumental in consistency of the services received by each customer. 2. Financial During 2003, Thorntons Plc reports total assets of 114.108 million, 27% of which is in liquid assets. Cash comprises a meager 14% of the current assets or 4.5% of the total resources. In terms of capital structure, debt finances 62.30% of its total resources while equity financing accounts for the remaining 37.7% (Thorntons Plc Annual Report 2003). It should

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what Essay

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what you believe the phrase Slant of light refers to in Emily Dickinsons Poem 258, - Essay Example In the first two lines of the poem Dickinson describes a certain quality of light, which leads the reader to think of it as a poem about nature. In stanzas two and three, the reader finds that the poem is not on nature, but the ‘light â€Å"spoken of, is about as state of mind. In alluding light to be â€Å"Cathedral Tunes† or â€Å"winter light â€Å" Dickinson uses the important feature of light to explain the person’s state of mind when encountering the light but not the light itself. Poem #258 is made up of for stanzas each having four lines and is mostly in the trochaic meter. In describing Dickinson’s poems, Edith Wylder said, â€Å"Her punctuation system is an integral part of her attempt to create in written form the precision of meaning inherent in the tone of the human voice. (Edith Wylder, 1971) therefore the use of the word light is more implied in Dickinson’s poem and is not used with its literal

Monday, September 23, 2019

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and Essay - 1

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and describe that influence - (and one extra option) - Essay Example To me, scientists are the people who really make a difference in the world. Their effort gives rise to products that the whole world makes use of and benefits from. Even if a scientist does not manage to develop a product in his life time, he leaves sufficient information for others so that they may follow him in the same footsteps and ultimately reach the goal that the deceased ever dreamt of. Benjamin W. Lee who has been a great Korean-American physicist is a source of influence for me. Coincidently, he was related to me. He died away a couple of years ago. In the period that urgently preceded his death, he had been working upon renormalization theory. Unfortunately, he could not achieve the goal he wanted to as his life ended before he could do that. Being related to him and accoutered with good scientific comprehension skills, I felt it as my responsibility to take my uncle’s mission further and complete the rest of his work. So I took it as a task. Benjamin was both my friend and tutor in scientific discussions. If there is one way I can show my respect towards him, that is by accomplishing his mission. If I am a physicist today, Benjamin W. Lee is the most dominant reason for that. He was a physical model and realization of my dream personality. I always wanted to be like him. Many of my cousins and brothers used to talk to him generally. I remember that my discussions with Benjamin were always science oriented. I knew how he started over with the renormalization theory, and what steps he had taken in its way thus far. Although I saw it as my duty to carry forward his work, I was not mature enough to do that by the time he died as I was studying. I had to build my academic career first. So I resolved to take higher education in America in Elementary Particle Physics. Since my childhood, I always found interest in Nuclear Physics. It was fundamentally because of Benjamin, that I decided to take Elementary Particle Physics as my major subject given

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Instructional planning Essay Example for Free

Instructional planning Essay Introduction Proper planning is a core prerequisite to an effective instruction process. Teaching disabled persons poses great challenges to instructors and calls for the careful planning of a lesson so that it may meet the needs of the learners. Disabled persons have special needs occasioned by hearing impairment, vision impairment; nervous problems as well as physical movement problems, therefore any good lesson plan must make sure that children with special needs receive as much gains from the learning process as their regular students. The learning process is very important; there is a need to avail services and facilities such as walking chairs for the physically disabled, hearing devices for the hearing impairment and any other necessary facilities. Another necessary adoption teachers can make to lesson plans to make them more responsive to the needs of the disabled includes the use of technologically mediated communication through computers to aid the learning process. In all adjustments to suit lessons to the special needs of learners, cognitive needs, psychomotor needs and the affective needs of the learner must be borne in mind. From both lesson 1 and 3 it is very clear that the lesson plan is only effective for a regular class. Notably the action verbs used for the objectives such as ‘by the end of the lesson learners should learn the colors’ is biased because the students are supposed to learn by sight or observation. When the teacher uses pictures as a resource material in the lesson, it implies that only the students with visual ability can benefit. The lesson can be adjusted to cater for the disabled and especially the visually impaired by deemphasizing the color aspect of the pictures and concentrating on shapes and texture which can effectively guide a disabled student to meet the lesson objectives. Another objective in lesson 1 and 3 requires the student to participate in physical activity. This again favors the students who are physically normal but it portends a challenge to the physically disabled to which physical activity may be a barrier to the learning process. The lessons can be adapted to suit the disabled students by only choosing the physical activities that the disabled can participate in or availing the necessary equipment to aid the physical activities. The lesson plans involve a lot of drawing and writing activities something that may be a barrier and a challenge at the same time to the physically disabled. Some students are not able to draw or write while others may not be able to even hold a pencil or crayon. Further, the lesson activities involve the use of music that is again insensitive to the hearing impaired. To make the lesson fully useful to the disabled students, the lesson plans should incorporate only special types of music which is responsive to the needs of the hearing impaired. The other key instrument to the lesson involves use of Braille or special computers, use of special needs expert to assist in the lessons as well as the strict use of materials that are responsive to the needs of the disabled learners. The other adaptation of teachers or disabled children is to involve a lot of games in the lesson plans activities. The games can help children to discover their ability to serve in spite of their challenges (Basil, Reys, 2003). As a principle, every lesson plan should be a fit-all type of lesson plan to cater for different disabilities of the disabled students. Conclusion For a lesson plan to be effective, it has to bear in mind the cognitive, affective and psychomotor needs of disabled students. There is a need for teachers to design lesson plans factoring in the special needs of the disabled students so as to give such an equal opportunity as their regular counterparts. Only making changes to the lesson plan to reflect the needs of disabled learners can help teachers achieve learning objectives. References Basil, C. Reys, S. (2003). Acquisition of literacy skills by children with severe disability. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, vol. 19, no. 1.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

All About Me Letter Essay Example for Free

All About Me Letter Essay My favorite sports are football and basketball. I play the recorder. I participated in football for three years and basket ball for one year. I played the recorder for one year in the fourth grade and earned all the belts for each skill level. On the other hand I don’t like to read what so ever, but I’m going to improve my reading this year. I don’t like to read because I fall asleep as soon as I begin to read books. The books that I like are adventurous and action-packed books because they interest me so I won’t fall asleep. These kinds of books stimulate my imagination and help me visualize the story. In order to keep me interested in reading I would like to have audio or graphics books. I did great academically last year as I made A’s and B’s. My academic goals this year are to make straight A’s and to receive scores above 900 on the CRCT. Considering that I do not like to read, it’s hard for me to brainstorm ideas and write an essay. Therefore, I do not think of myself as a good writer, as I prefer digital images to awaken my creativity. The few times that I must write, I like to write narratives about my family vacations in new places. Narratives allow me to express my emotions. Unfortunately, brainstorming ideas causes me to have headaches that turn me off from writing. I hope to learn how to overcome this obstacle and improve my writing skills. In conclusion, you can help me achieve my academic goals by suggesting some action-packed or adventurous book titles for me to enjoy reading. I learn best by following examples and listening to instructions. The activities you can help me with are reading and sentence-structure in writing assignments. I welcome the opportunity to learn from your expertise. Sincerely, Phillip Harrington Phillip Harrington

Friday, September 20, 2019

Computerised Approach to Monitoring Production Line

Computerised Approach to Monitoring Production Line AN INTELLIGENT COMPUTER VISION BASED APPROACH TO MONITOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION LINE Urooj Arif 1, Faizan Naseem 2      Abstract The idea of An Intelligent Computer Vision Based Approach to Monitor Pharmaceutical Production Line   is introduced by our Group after the events observed by us in different pharmaceutical companies cases studies. Like in Japan there they use laser scanners to scan the objects whether they are filled or empty if empty they are discarded and filled goes to next level of production. But in the economy of Pakistan Pharmaceutical industry is the most growing industry in Pakistan and a lot of companies are stepping in to this sector the basic elements to step in in this industry includes the idea, Research and Development , State of the art facilities for manufacturing and packaging etc. So we decided to work on the factor of manufacturing and packaging sector and to work majorly on production line to make production line intelligent by introducing the Computer Vision Based Intelligent Approach for the Production Line. And this product will be of high usability and applica tions in this industry in coming times specifically in Pakistan may be implemented to other Third world countries as well. Keywords-Image Processing, Artificial Neural Network I. INTRODUCTION The Project is about Object Detection Identification and Comparison using Computer Vision Based Embedded System. And as we know Object detection is the process of finding instances of real-world objects such as faces, Vehicles, and buildings in images or videos. Object detection algorithms typically use extracted features and learning algorithms to recognize instances of an object category. It is commonly used in applications such as image retrieval, security, surveillance, and automated quality control systems. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Pakistan is a very fast and future-oriented pharmaceutical industry. At the time of independence in 1947, was perhaps the pharmaceutical industry. Today Pakistan is about 400 pharmaceutical manufacturing units including those operated by 25 multinationals in the country. 70 per cent of the countrys pharmaceutical industry, meet the demand of finished medicine. The domestic pharmaceutical market is divided almost equally between citizens and multinational companies in exchange.Progressive development of the pharmaceutical industry, especially in the last decade, as shown in years. The industry has invested heavily in recent years to upgrade, and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), the majority of the industry in accordance with national and international guidelines. Currently, the industry has the ability to produce a variety of products from simple to sophisticated biotech tablet, and value-added generic oncology compounds. Although Pakistan Pharma health and without access to moder n medicine for almost half the population, fastest growth. It needs a chance, but clearly much more work to be done by governments and economic stakeholders. Sales per capita consumption of less than US $ 10 worth of drugs every year $ 1.4 billion in 2007, and 2012 should be sold in 2012 represents 2.3 B drug prices, Last year, the economy, due to poor economic conditions and suffered a lot of damage from the fight against terrorism. Moreover, the economy, inflation, slow economic growth and seen a significant reduction in the value of major currencies against the rupee. No doubt the Government will take the necessary steps to get out of this terrible situation, but that it is the economy and adaptation to board immediately rejected.Before reviewing the pharmaceutical market, we look at the situation globally. 48%, 28% and the US, the EU and 12% of the value of the global market-based controls for Japan with a share. The remaining 20% of the global pharmaceutical market.The pharmaceutical market style, it is very competitive and challenging. Some 600 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. The 386 operating units. Have already mentioned, has a dramatic effect on inflation and devaluation operating margin. Therefore, the challenges for the pharmaceutical industry can be a major cause.When we look ba ck in the pharmaceutical industry, the situation has clearly changed completely. Early nineties it was occupied by the multinational pharmaceutical companies in the industry but there is also a scenario for the past 18 years or so, I was completely changed. 30 386 units of multinational companies operating in drug production. Multinational and national companies in the ratio of 45% and 55%. Increasing share of national companies is an encouraging sign for domestic investors. The annual growth of 11%, US 1.64 $ billion total pharmaceutical market, pharmaceutical industry today with the global development of Pakistan. In the present scenario, more than 80 percent of demand met with national companies.Local while 20 percent are covered by imports. All raw materials are imported from China, India, Europe, North America and other countries. About 20% of the total imports from Switzerland. 2008-09, according to GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) List Data List 11.59% market share and multinationals wi th growth of 8.9%. The national pharmaceutical companies Getz. (Pvt) Ltd has over 70%, with 3.76% market share in the last three years. And a 2.79% market share of the list of national pharmaceutical companies with Getz Pharma, Some multinational companies. Currently, the government of Pakistan to take action drugs, drug manufacturing license of 4 species shall:1. Creating2. Basic manufacturing.3. Half-based manufacturing4. Repackaging The organization of the census of Pakistan (2010), Pakistan has a population of 16.98 million with growth rate of 2.69. Everyday health consciousness also, as well, which can be helpful in increasing per capita expenditure growth in the future.The most successful pharmaceutical companies, existing business and customer trends to maximize profits with a variety of marketing strategies for different types of customers in almost constant new challenges and opportunities. Pharmaceutical companies invest (ROI), to improve their return New communication technologies (digital media) to its traditional ways. III. IMAGE PROCESSING Image processing can be set to produce either a picture or features or parameters that are related to image. Images are processed as a stereo signal, in which the third dimension or Z axis.Image processing refers to a digital image processing. However, an analog and optical image processing is also possible. The pictures are said to achieve imaging. Image closely linked to computer vision and graphics processing. Born as images manually objects, physical models of the atmosphere and light in computer graphics, instead of some imaging devices having a camera on landscapes such as the purchase of the more animated movies . Computer vision contrast is often regarded as a high-level image processing from a machine, or a computer or software will decrypt the contents of the physical layout of the photo or image.Because of the growing importance of technology and scientific concept of the modern science of images that are too wide. Examples include genetic research or real-time multi-asset portfolio microarray data into portfolio management in the financial sector.We also are different factors involved in image processing, can be from one to another can vary include, binary images, color photos (8 bit, 24 bit), Color Quantization, Convolution, Distance Matrics, Dithering, Edge Detectors, Frequency Domain, Gray scale Images, Image Editing Software, Idempotence, Isotrophic Operators, Kernels, Logical Operators, Masking, Non-linear Filtering, Pixels, Primary Colors, Spatial Domain, Structuring Elements, Wrapping and saturation. IV. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK A neuron is a nerve cell is the basic building block of the nervous system. A large number of neurons in ways similar to other cells in the human body, but there is a significant difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body. This highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for the information in the chemical and electronic forms of communication. Different types of neurons, which are responsible for the different tasks within the body. Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells in the body to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain-body muscle. Neuron body responsible for information and communication between different neurons.Neuron matching neurons and other cells in the body with other cells, both of which are surrounded by a membrane that seals protect the genetic information of other cells of neurons and body are composed of a central can. The bodies of both types of cells in cell mitochondria, Golgi contains, including the organelles and cytoplasm body. Cell LifeCreate unique to neurons, differences, unlike other body cells shortly after birth ceased to reproduce neurons. For this reason, some parts of the brain neurons will die because of the neurons at birth than life, but not the place. Neurons do not reproduce in most areas of the brain, have shown that the formation of new connections between neurons Research.Neurogenesis, or the formation of new nerve cells, about life is found in parts of the brain. Neuron is a membrane that is designed to send information to other cells. dendrites, cell bodies and axons are three main parts of a neuron. However, all neurons vary somewhat in size, shape and characteristics in terms of neuron function and role. Some neurons while others are highly branched, to obtain a large amount of information, there are few dendritic branches. Others may be quite a long while some neurons, short axons. The longest ax ons in the human body is about three feet in length and extends from the underside of the spine to the big toe! Neuron dendrites receive information from sensory receptors or other neurons. This information is then passed on to the cell body and axon. Once this is known as an action potential which travels down an electrical signal, the length of axons in the axons information.Communication between synapses is an electrical pulse has reached the end of a Axon will be transferred once, information about the synaptic gap to the dendrites of neighboring neurons. In some cases, signals about the space between neurons and soon on its way. In other cases, are required to send information from one neuron to the next neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters cross to reach other neurons and synaptic receptor sites vacuum chemical messengers that are released from the axon terminals. Neurons, neurotransmitters and their receptor binding site in a way known as reuptake are reabsorbed will be u sed again. V. TRAINING AND TEST ING PHASE We have break the our training and testing phase in to the steps that includes Input, Image Filtering, Image Segmentation, object detection, Visual feature, machine learning, trained network, classified output. VI. METHODOLOGY The basic Architecture is human tracking and monitoring are deployed on a visual application tool for testing, which serves as package for human classification and monitoring the trained proceeds and its validation is implemented in MATLAB to build a software system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Image Registration Somebody entrance is the method of transforming to   incompatible sets of aggregation into one nascent system. Collection collects quadruplicate photographs,   information achieve from diverse sensors, present, depths, or viewpoints. individual enrolment old in computer modality method, medical images, biological images   military target recognition   the compiled and analyzed to images and data to collect from camera. Registration is important   to compare or integrate the data to achieve from these different measurements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii. ROI Selection Blobs are   supply to a extra statement of individual structures in spatiality of regions, the corners   more point-like. blobs are described to   preferred direction that capital   the more blob detectors are also be regarded in   touch part operators. Blob detectors can sensed areas of   human they to such glassy to be sensed in a carre four of device.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   iii. Edges Edges is a line between two individual regions.   Line can be most of concretism, and countenance junctions. Edges are commonly is a sets of points in the mortal which soul a vehement   ratio. The   algorithms gift be constraint sharp circumstantial points together for  Ã‚   consummate description of   provide. These algorithms is   usually guess on the properties of an urgency,i.e mould, smoothness, and close continuance. VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS An experimental setup was established to record the Objects with different angles we have followed the criteria of having a pic from 60 different angles and in this way we have worked out on 10 different tablets. In this way we have hypothesis of 600 images as our repository VIII. CONCLUSION After all the observations and research made on this project we reach to the conclusion that this project is an Intelligent   Computer Vision Based Approach To Monitor Pharmaceutical Production Line. This will be the most beneficial project for the pharmaceutical industry most specifically in Pakistan based economy and will get the benefits like   Smart remote Monitoring, Reliability, Increase Professionalism, Precise Detection, Approx. Zero Chances of Error, Detection   Counting and Data Backup All in one Time and most important no need of human workers in this system that makes this project different from the current standards of the systems that are still be followed in the pharmaceutical industries majorly in Pakistan. VIIII. FUTURE WORK We have achieved this project to this level as this report present but we are still looking to make this system more efficient by adding some more features or modules that we may be able to add with this hardware and can achieve more factors to be intelligent and automated. REFERENCES https://www.scribd.com/document/24495237/A-to-Z-of-Image-Processing-Concepts https://www.scribd.com/document/325872322/Digital-Image-Processing-is-the-Use-of-Computer-Algorithms-to-Perform-Image-Processing-on-Digital-Images https://www.scribd.com/document/266789152/Neural-Network https://www.scribd.com/document/273031421/HYBRID-APPROACH-FOR-SEMANTIC-OBJECT-DETECTION-IN-VIDEO https://www.scribd.com/document/161457953/SWOT-ANALYSIS https://www.scribd.com/document/39266814/Industry-Analysis https://www.scribd.com/document/63877699/Image-Processing

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Last Empress by Daniele Varè Essay -- China Literature Essays

The Last Empress by Daniele Varà ¨ The Empress Dowager Tzi-his (1835-1908) was a unique ruler unlike any other China had ever seen. She is considered to be one of the most influential people in Chinese history, a rarity in the male dominated Chinese world. The empress dowager exerted great power over the Chinese empire and influenced the political structure in ways it had never been influenced before, making many great reforms that she believed would help the Chinese people. Born on November 29th, 1835, Tzi-hsi was named Yehonala after her tribe. Her father, Huei-cheng died when she was a child and her family took care of her until she was sent to Emperor Hsien-Feng’s court as a concubine. Although Hsien-Feng had many wives and concubines, Tzi-hsi was the only to bear him a son. In 1861, the Emperor died and his court was left to the son, who was not of age and thus Tzi-hsi was able to rule through her son, The Emperor Tung-chih. When he turned 17, she was forced to give up her immediate power to him. Tung-chih died in 1875. Through much controversy and manipulation, Tzi-hsi was able to convince the court to nominate her choice as successor, and when the Empress of the Eastern palace died, Tzi-hsi became the sole surviving regent of the empire (Varà ¨). Shortly after, Tzi-hsi was forced to give up her regency and retired to a summer palace, but she soon resumed rule over China. From that moment on until her death in 1908 she ruled China, instilling new policies and reforms into Chinese culture. There have been many assertions and assumptions about Tzi-hsi’s policies and their value to the history of China and her popularity among Chinese citizens (her tomb was raided and destroyed). Regardless of these opinio... ...its objectivity. It provides a clear picture of the Empress’ life in her cultural context and the impact it had on China. I recommend this book to anyone exploring the life of the Empress Dowager—whether it be her personal life, her social life, or her political life. The book truly does provide an extensive amount of information about the Empress—its age stands testament to this (it has been around for 70 years), and I would highly recommend it. Works Cited â€Å"Biography.† Rev. of The Last Empress by Daniele Varà ¨. Saturday Review of Literature 14 Sept. 1936: 19. Gilroy, Thomas J. Tzu-hsi: The Empress Dowager from China. 16 Nov 2002. King’s College History Department. King’s College. 3 Mar 2004. Varà ¨, Daniele. The Last Empress. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1936.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Events that lead to the Civil War :: American History

Events that lead to the Civil War The secession of the southern states was a long simmering conflict. The secession of the southern could have been avoided by both the North and the South could have come up with a compromise. The secession of the southern states inevitable because the South knew that the North wanted to end slavery and the South wanted slavery because it was their way of life. To have slaves was their way of life style, both the North and the South couldn?t have come up with a compromise and agree with it. The three most important events that lead to the secession of the southern states and the civil war were the Wilmot proviso, California state hood, Fugitive slave law, and Uncle Tom?s cabin. Wilmot?s proviso it proposed western territories are closed to slavery. The Wilmot proviso it was created by David Wilmot in 1846. Wilmot proviso it supported the containment and destruction of slavery. The north feared that the south would become too powerful in congress. The south opposed Wilmot proviso because they need slavery to survive economically. The south feared that the north would take over the south. The California state hood was when California became part of the union. The union said the only way they can be part of the union is if they enforced the fugitive slave law. The fugitive slave law was passed by congress into making people turn in fugitive slaves. The law it effected the North and the South in some ways. It effected the North into creating the Underground Railroad and violence to free the slaves. These laws made the north pass the personal liberty laws. These laws effected the south by making slave owners threatened to secede/withdraw for the union. Uncle Tom?s Cabin it was a book that was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe on June 5, 1852. The book was criticized by the south the characters were being stereotyped and the plot was melodramatic. The north?s reaction to the book was they increased their protests against slavery and the fugitive slave law. The south?s reaction was they criticized the book as an attack on the south. The south didn?t like the book because they thought that it was an attack on them and slavery. These are some of the events that lead to the Civil war and the secession of the southern states.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Excersise speech Essay

Informative / PowerPoint Speech Formal Outline TITLE: Exercise GENERAL PURPOSE: To inform my audience about exercise. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform my audience about types of exercise, Benefits And long lasting effects. THESIS/MAIN IDEA: Exercise has many heath benefit and can affect your life in the most positive of ways. INTRODUCTION I. Types of exercise II. Benefits of exercise III. Long lasting effects of exercise Do you get 30 minutes of exercise daily? Less than 5% of adults do. Being informed about the types of exercise, benefits of exercise and long lasting effects of exercise could improve the statistic drastically. BODY I. Types of exercise A. Cardio 1. Work out that raises the heartbeat. 2. Ex: jumping jacks, running, dancing, and pretty much anything that gets you heart beat going. 3. Some of the cardio I like to do is running, and basketball. B. Weight lifting 1. Work out to tone and build muscles. 2. Ex: Bench pressing, dumbbell exercises, dead lifts, squats with weights. 3. There is a great Importance of lifting correctly. You should always have a large amount of knowledge about the lift you are going to do, to avoid injuries. For example when doing a squats with weights you should have you feet shoulder with apart and when you squat down you should keep a straight back and bend your knees to a 90 degree angle lifting back up with your legs. 4. My favorite part of weight lifting is being toned, some like to lift to gain big muscles, and some do it to keep their muscles toned and  healthy. C. Aerobics 1. Vigorous exercises, swimming, and walking. 2. Aerobics are typically for people that have issues with high impact exercise. 4. Aerobics are a good beginning exercise to develop the body to be able to do more strenuous exercises. 5. When you are doing daily things such as walking, sweeping, or going up stairs it is a great opportunity for exercise. You can walk swiftly, sweep while moving you abs from left to right, and going up stairs at a faster pace. There are many ways to include exercise in your daily activities. II. Benefits of exercise A. Benefits of exercise 1. Exercise combats health conditions and diseases 2. Exercise improves mood 3. Exercise boosts energy 4. Exercise controls weight B. Improving mood 1. Exercise improves your mood because it stimulates various brain chemicals or endorphins that may leave you feeling happier and more relaxed 2. You may also feel better about yourself because with exercise you will look healthier and that may boost you self-esteem. D. Controls weight 1. Getting the recommended 30 minutes of exercise daily or even 2-3 times a week can help keep you body healthy inside and out. 2. For people looking to lose a large amounts of weight it is a good idea to consult a doctor about an exercise plan that would work for them. III. Long lasting effects of exercise A. Exercise has great benefits for your heart for later in your life. 1. It  helps heart health because when you exercise it strengthens your heart by ejecting more blood per beat, even at rest, and that causes less stress on your heart. 2. Less chance of heart disease 3. Less chance of heart attack B. when you exercise your body uses more energy making your metabolism work faster and more efficiently. 1. And Higher metabolism leads to Healthier weight C. Exercise can help people have longer lives. 1. Exercise leads to a longer life because when your heart is healthy, your metabolism is working efficiently and you have a healthy weight your body will be under less stress. 2. People who worked out 3 times a week in a Mayo Clinic study had fewer wrinkles, healthy heart, less stress, and had a healthier weight than those who did not workout. CONCLUSION I. 2013 statistics show that only 5% of adults get 30 or more minutes of daily exercise; And, as have already stated, there are many easy ways to exercise. There are many benefits from exercising and long lasting effects from exercise. If people are properly informed about exercise then there should be an increase in the percentage of adults that exercise in today’s society. REFERENCES www.Mayoclinic.org www.Vigurousexercize.com www.karmajello.com

Monday, September 16, 2019

Cicero: on Friendship Analysis Essay

Aristotle once said, â€Å"Friendship is a single soul dwelling in two bodies.† There are many things that go into the process of friendship. Some people deal with friendship one way while others deal with it in another way. Cicero had a lot to say about the different aspects of friendship in his time, but how would he view modern friendship? Some friendships Cicero may not be proud of; like the common relationships that are forced on in a classroom or work place and the lack of allowing nature to take control and make the friendships that are meant to happen. However, Cicero would be happy with the way the higher level friendships have developed in virtue and value. Cicero dwelled on the fact that friendship must have common factors. Friends should share â€Å"the greatest agreement of desires and interests and opinions (Cicero, 7).† Modern friendship has turned into something that makes â€Å"common people† feel like they have to be friends. For example, in the classroom or workplace it is encouraged to make friends with everyone that you are involved with daily. Does building a friendship based on common surroundings make a good one? Cicero would say no. He would say that friendship has to be built on something more than just a desire for common interests like a job. It must agree on things that build a relationship such as these desires, interests, and opinions. There is no way that Cicero would be happy with the encouragement to build false relationship only on the grounds that someone works in the same place as someone else. He is not saying that you need to be enemies with these people because he knows the importance of common friendship. He knows that if you were to take friendship out of the world then â€Å"no home or city could stand, (and) no farms would stay in cultivation (Cicero, 9).† There is nothing wrong with a temporary friendship but he says, â€Å"If mutual advantage is what stitches friendship together, those friendships would dissolve whenever that condition changed; but since the nature of things cannot be changed, true friendship will last forever (Cicero, 12).† The condition that may change in common, modern relationships is the job or the class that you have made those friends in. You can still make good friends within the workplace or classroom, but the friendship cannot solely rely on the fact that the friends have the same surroundings. Human nature is what makes people want to have friendships. This is one of the main things that Cicero continuously touched on in his book. â€Å"†¦Friendship arises from nature as such, rather than from some neediness: from application of the mind, along with a kind of love, rather than from thinking about how much advantage the relationship might bring (Cicero, 11).†Cicero would be very disappointed in how many relationships are built for the need of a person instead of letting nature take control of the friendship. There are a lot of corrupt and wrong friendships in today’s society that Cicero would look down on. The fact that one person uses another person for their own will is not the kind of relationship that Cicero was wanting people to build. He brings up the nature of human beings a lot in this text because people take advantage of other people and he knew that. â€Å"†¦ Friendship is not something we are led to by the expectation of making a profit; we think it worth seeking because the whole enjoyment of it consists in the love itself (Cicero, 12).† The love and nature of friendship go hand in hand when building relationships because without love for that person there is no need for a friendship to be kept. The friendship should happen naturally. Unlike in today’s world, friends were found to feel wanted. Now the person with the most friends is considered the best because of their popularity; however, that should not be the case. It is better to have three great friends than a thousand false ones. Friendship must be formed by nature. â€Å"†¦ That feeling of love and affectionate goodwill come naturally into existence, once there has been a recognition of goodness (Cicero, 12).† This nature founded by goodness, virtue, and value are what really builds a solid friendship that Cicero would be very proud of. Higher levels of friendship are the ones that hold strong for years. Cicero would be ecstatic to see that the virtue and value of friendship has grown since his time. Once you get passed the lower levels of friendship such as the common relationships and the lack of control nature has on friendships you can see that. Virtue and value are the greatest aspect that friendship has today and did have back then. Friends are there for each other when they are going through the good and bad times. â€Å"Friendship makes good times yet more splendid, and takes some weight off of unfavorable times, by sharing them (Cicero, 9).† Without friendship there would be no point in living. Cicero realizes that friends are what get people through their day to day lives. â€Å"†¦Everything that exists and moves in the universe is brought together by friendship†¦ (Cicero, 9)† There is no love without friendship, no teams without friendship, no jobs, and no country without friendship because friendship is what makes everything work. Cicero would be very happy with the way people value friendship today. A good, modern friendship is hard to come by in today’s society with everyone wanting something from someone else. Cicero knew all about what made friendship work. The world has changed the way friendship is viewed. Cicero would love to see that the virtue and value of friendship has developed. â€Å"Don’t walk behind me; I may not lead. Don’t walk in front of me; I may not follow. Just walk beside me and be my friend.† Albert Camus said that about what he thought a friend should be within the friendship; not lead, not follow, just to walk beside him. It takes a long time and a lot of work to build a solid friendship but, according to Cicero, once you have it is the greatest treasure of all.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Influencial Connection of CIA in American Society

â€Å"The United States has carried on foreign intelligence activities since the days of George Washington, but only since World War II have they been coordinated on a government wide basis. â€Å"1 Even before the devastating attack at Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked New York lawyer William J. Donovan to draft a plan for an intelligence service. In June of 1942, the Office of Strategic Services was established in order to collect and analyze strategic information required by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to conduct special operations that were not assigned to other agencies. During the World War II, the Office of Strategic Service (OSS) supplied policymakers with essential facts and intelligence estimates, and the office often played an important role in directly aiding military campaigns. The OSS never received complete jurisdiction over all foreign intelligence activities. Since the early 1930†³s the FBI had been responsible for intelligence work in Latin America, and the military services protected their areas of responsibility. In October 1945, the OSS was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the State and War Departments. The need for a postwar centralized intelligence system still remained a problem. Eleven months earlier, Donovan, at the time a major general had submitted to President Roosevelt a proposal that called for the separation of the OSS from the Joint Chiefs of Staff with the new organization having direct Presidential supervision. Donovan proposed an â€Å"organization which will procure intelligence both by overt and covert methods and will at the same time provide intelligence guidance, determine national intelligence objectives, and correlate the intelligence material collected by all government agencies. â€Å"2 Under his plan, a powerful, centralized civilian agency would have coordinated all the intelligence services. Donovan†s plan drew heavy political debate. In response to this policy dispute, President Harry S. Truman established the Central Intelligence Group in January of 1946, directing it to â€Å"coordinate existing departmental intelligence, supplementing but not supplanting their services. â€Å"3 Twelve months later, the National Intelligence Authority and its operating component, the Central Intelligence Group, were disestablished. Under the provisions of the National Security Act of 1947, the National Security Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency were established. The 1947 Act charged the CIA with â€Å"coordinating the nation†s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence which affects national security. 4 The Act also made the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) responsible for protecting intelligence sources and methods. The Central Intelligence Agency Act was passed in 1949 permitting the Agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and this Act is the authority for the secrecy of the Agency†s budget. In order to protect intelligence sources and methods from disclosure, the 1949 Act exempted the CIA from having to disclose its â€Å"organization, functions, names, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed. â€Å"5 The national interests of the United States require the Intelligence Community to maintain worldwide vigilance on the foreign threats to U. S. citizens, both civilian and military, infrastructure, and allies. In addition, they also seek to inform policy makers of opportunities to advance U. S. foreign policy objectives. 6 To accomplish its missions, the CIA engages in research, development, and deployment of technology for intelligence purposes. 7 Most American citizens are not fully aware of the full extent to which the CIA has effected American society. The general public has limited knowledge of the secret operations of the CIA, but the few campaigns that are open to the public prove that the CIA plays an essential role in American foreign relations. From 1953 to 1961 the CIA continued out foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, political action, and propaganda operations. During the Eisenhower administration, Secretary of State John Dulles used the Central Intelligence Agency, which was headed by his brother Allen Dulles, for covert interventions against governments that were too closely aligned with communism. The CIA moved beyond its original objective of intelligence gathering to active involvement in the internal affairs of foreign countries where such covert action suited the American ideals. In the 1950s the CIA successfully directed the overthrow of several foreign governments. When Mohammad Mossadegh of Iran seized British oil properties in 1953, CIA agents helped the shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlevi, depose him. Using both economic leverage and a repressive secret police, the shah soon fermented his power in Iran. In 1954 the CIA supported a coup in Guatemala against Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, who had expropriated 250,000 acres of land held by the American owned United Fruit Company. He also accepted arms from the communist government of East Germany. Under Eisenhower, the Central Intelligence Agency had begun training 2,000 men for an invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro, the communist revolutionary that had taken power in 1959. On April 19, 1961, this force invaded the Bay of Pigs, but was forced to surrender. 1,200 men were captured. The CIA also tried to overthrow Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia in 1958, but again it was unsuccessful. In late 1961, the CIA was reorganized to put more emphasis on science, technology, and internal management. The agency was heavily used during the Vietnam War, from 1959-1975, in Southeast Asia. The Central Intelligence Agency has effected American society by adding security and confidence to the minds of the American people. Though much of their effects are not specifically known, the entire organization as a whole serves as a type of secret weapon against foreign countries. Its formation and operations have made the CIA a lasting part of the U. S. government.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Hamlet vs Agamemnon Tragedy Essay

Hamlet and Agamemnon are two extraordinary and timeless plays. Both plays deal with the big themes of love, loss, pride, the abuse of power and the fraught relationships between men and gods. Hamlet and Agamemnon, the protagonist of the plays that were named after them, are two tragic heroes that commit some terrible crime without realizing how foolish and arrogant they have been. Both protagonist are of higher status, and have power. However, Hamlet is more tragic than Agamemnon, for several reasons. Hamlet is a good, kind men. He is the Prince of Denmark and loved by the Danish people. Unfortunately for him, his beloved father, King Hamlet, dies. Hamlet loves his father very much, and he is deeply hurt when his dad passed away. He is even more shocked and hurt by the fact that his mother, Queen Gertrude, marries his uncle, Claudius, shortly after her husband died. Prince Hamlet sees and has a conversation with his father’s ghost. He learns that the King of Denmark was murdered by his brother, Claudius. Hamlet swears to avenge his father, and he starts to play mad so he can gather evidence and put his plan in motion. At first, he is not completely sure that the ghost was his father, and he tries to get confirmation by inviting King Claudius and Queen Gertrude to a play based on what the ghost had told him. After he is convinced that his father was murdered, he plans to kill Claudius. Hamlet is not very eager to kill his uncle, he is not happy about the situation, and he does not act fast. Agamemnon is completely different than Hamlet. He rapes Clytemnestra and murders her husband. King Agamemnon did not stop there. After he marries Clytemnestra, he sacrifices their youngest daughter, Iphigenia, to gain favourable winds to take the Greek fleet to Troy. King Agamemnon seems to be more like King Claudius. Both of them killed the rightful King, took his wife, and killed or planned to kill the Queen’s child. Agamemnon kills his daughter, Claudius plots to kill Hamlet at least twice. Agamemnon is popular, and appreciated for his battles skills and victories. He doesn’t seem to care much about other persons and values, other than his power, battles victories, and the public’s adoration. Hamlet killes Polonius when he was talking with his mother after the play. Polonius was hiding, and ears dropping for the King. When Gertrude thought that Hamlet wants to attack her, she yelled for help, and Polonius  responded, calling for help from behind the arras. In an unusual moment of spontaneous action, Hamlet stabs the concealed figure, believing it to be Claudius. The death of Polonius cased great suffering to Ophelia, his daughter. She gets a little bit mad, singing nonsense about death and sex, and ends up drowning herself. Laertes, Polonius’s son, wants justice for his father, and becomes another potential revenge hero, but unlike Hamlet, he is more determined. He doesn’t care about the spiritual part of death like Hamlet. King Claudius adds fuel to the fire, and convinced Laertes to kill Hamlet in a duel. Laertes tells Claudius that he will poisoned the tip of the blade, to kill Hamlet. Claudius promised to poison the wine in case Laertes fails to scratch Hamlet with his sword. Hamlet is not aware of this plot, and accepts Claudius’s offer to fight Laertes. During the fight, there is a switch of rapiers, resulting in both Hamlet and Laertes being stabbed with the poisoned blade. Gertrude, meanwhile, mistakenly drinks the poisoned wine. She dies and Hamlet demands that they seek out the treachery that killed her. Laertes, realizing that he and Hamlet are both dying, explains everything and blames Claudius. Hamlet kills Claudius with the poisoned sword, finally fulfilling his quest for revenge. Laertes begs Hamlet to exchange forgiveness with him and dies. Hamlet forgives Laertes. Horatio wants to drink from the poisoned wine, so he can die with Hamlet, but he is stopped by the Prince. Hamlet tells Horatio that he must live in this horrible world so he can tell Hamlet’s story. Lord Hamlet announces that Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, will be the next king of Denmark and dies. Despite the fact that in the end, Prince Hamlet, Laertes, King Claudius, Queen Gertrude, and Ophilia died, the order in the kingdom is restored. Clytemnestra is the one seeking revenge in Agamemnon. During Agamemnon’s ten year absence, Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegistheus, planned to murder Agamemnon on his return. Clytemnestra wants revenge for her daughter, Iphegenia. When Agamemnon comes back, he brings with him, as concubine and slave, the ravished Trojan Princess, Cassandra. Cassandra has the gift of prophecy, but nobody believes her, thanks to Apollo’s curse. She sees the Clytemnestra plans to kill both Agamemnon and Cassandra, but the Chorus do not believe her . Princess Cassandra prays for a quick death, a wish that would be granted. Agamemnon commits hubris. He agrees to walk on the ‘red carpet’ that has been rolled out for him by his wife, even though he  mentions it is treatment meant only for the gods. Clytemnestra preparing her husband for a bath, put on him a bath-robe she had cunningly sewn to be a strait jacket. Wearing this, Agamemnon was completely helpless. His wife butchered and buried him without honours. She does the same to Cassandra. In Hamlet, King Claudius dies, King Hamlet finds peace, and Denmark gets rid of a bad king. Hamlet is buried like a soldier, having a military funeral. In a way, in Hamlet, Laertes commits hubris as well. He dares damnation and he mentions he would kill his father’s murderer in a church. Since both Laertes and Agamemnon commit hubris, both of them die shortly after, which is the element of nemesis in tragedy. Hamartia element, a tragic error, can be seen in Agamemnon when Agamemnon enters the house with Cassandra, trusting that Clytemnestra (his wife) is in fact happy to see him. Similarly in Hamlet, Hamlet agrees to duel with Laertes, not knowing that he is going to die by Laertes hand. Hamlet was a kind and honorable person. While he wanted revenge for his father, in a way he was right to do so. He did not wanted and enjoyed the idea of killing Claudius, but he pulled himself together at the last minute, right before he died. King Claudius was guilty of murdering a King, stealing a Kingdom, a Queen, and planning the murder of Prince Hamlet. Hamlet played for his revenge with his life. Since he was buried as a soldier, and the order was restored in Denmark, the Danish people did not hate him for his sins. Also, in Hamlet, we have more death on stage. Innocent people died, like Ophelia and Polonius. Agamemnon is completely different. He raped, he killed in cold blood, he sacrificed his own daughter to win a war, and he committed hubris, and took hostage the Princess of Troy. His wife, while she might be right in a way to avenge her daughter, she was looking forward to the task of killing Agamemnon and she also killed Cassandra, even thou she was innocent. Clytemnestra and he lover, wanted to be in power and had no remorse. Hamlet is more tragic than Agamemnon, because of the innocence and remorse the major characters showed.

Advertising’s Positive Influences Essay -- Advertising

Advertising influences people negatively; it convinces people to buy unneeded or unhealthy products. People often waste money on items because they tend to not notice the negative aspects of an item. A nice car, such as the 1954 Cadillac advertisement shown in Laurence Behrens’ and Leonard J. Rosen’s portfolio, is not a required product to have (580-581). However, this advertisement attracts one. When I saw various celebrities in proactive commercials, I decided to buy the product because I believed how effective it was. I did not have great results from Proactive; in fact, I experienced improved results with Aveeno’s Ultra-Calming Facial Cleanser. Although this product was three times cheaper, Proactive influenced me to buy their product by using celebrities in their commercials. Ads including products like cigarettes, influence people negatively because they are harmful to one’s health. As stated in a Camel cigarette ad, cigarettes are clearly dangerous to one’s health, â€Å"Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health† (Behrens and Rosen 569). This ad shows a man attracting a woman while ligh... ... middle of paper ... ...me with friends by drinking Miller Beer. Fowles states that Coca-Cola refers to friendship by using the slogan, â€Å"a Coke and a smile† (545). This slogan is saying that if you buy Coca-Cola, you will be cheerful and affiliated. Advertisements influence people more positively than negatively by helping satisfy one’s need to nurture, achieve, and affiliate. To avoid negatively convincing advertisements, you need to appear cautious about a product. Be aware of the pros and cons of a product, look at product reviews, and understand the importance of an item before purchasing one. Works Cited Behrens, Laurence and Leonard J. Rosen, eds. Writing and Reading across the Curriculum. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2011. 566-594. Print. Fowles, Jib. â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals.† Writing and Reading across the Curriculum. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2011. 536-556 Print.

Friday, September 13, 2019

One of a Kind Experience Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One of a Kind Experience - Personal Statement Example The purpose of writing this essay is to narrate this unforgettable experience in the researcher's life, once if a person achieves something big in life, he/she obviously feels like telling the people about it, so that the researcher have written this with the very same feeling. After reading the essay the researcher wants the people to feel that so many things may happen for the first time in the life of an individual, but with planning the risks of the future can be reduced. Like the researcher had a good plan, which was of course plan B, but it’s always good to have a backup, so that if a person does not pull off what he/she is trying to achieve, he/she should at least have a backup which can help that particular individual. Planning is imperative and can reduce the risk to a great extent. Eliminating various risks, that were discussed in the essay entirely is just not possible, but the best thing which can be done is planning. The researcher also states that the most diffic ult part of the paper was putting the experience into words or in other words, finding the suitable words to put across the experience because many a time the right words just eludes a person and it's very difficult to narrate an experience because that experience can be taken in some other sense because of the words used in the experience this goes to show the importance of the words used in the experience. The strengths of the paper is basically how interesting the story is, its a dream come true for many young kids.... The trail began and it was a very fine day for me and I quickly adjusted myself to the conditions and ended up scoring two goals and with it I also secured a place in the squad of the Club. The purpose of writing this essay is to narrate this unforgettable experience in my life, once if a person achieves something big in life, he/she obviously feels like telling the people about it and I have written this with the very same feeling. After reading the essay I want the people to feel that so many things happen for the first time in the life of an individual but with planning the risks of the future can be reduced. Like I had a good plan, which was off course planB but it's always good to have a backup so that if a person does not pull off what he/she is trying to achieve, he/she should at least have a backup which can help that particular individual. Planning is imperative and can reduce the risk to a great extent. Eliminating various risks entirely is just not possible but the best thing which can be done is planning. The most difficult part of the paper was putting the experience into words or in other words finding the suitable words to put across the experience because many a time the right words just eludes a person and its very difficult to narrate an experience because that experience can be taken in some other sense because of the words used in the experience this goes to show the importance of the words used in the experience. Words decide what impact the same will have on readers and careful and appropriate use of the words can make an experience a treat to read. The same goes to show the importance of appropriate words. The strengths of the paper is basically how interesting the story is, its a one of a kind

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Japanese popular culture and Eastern media societies Case Study

Japanese popular culture and Eastern media societies - Case Study Example To a large extent though, Japanese influence has been to a larger extent that the others. The indigenous culture is not without American influence. On the contrary, some components of the American popular culture that can be regarded as the global culture have been modified by East Asian flavors to form a culture that is globalized and indigenous to the region at the same time. The proliferation of Japanese culture in the East Asian countries reflects an uneven influence. The fact that the Japanese culture has a greater reach that the rest of the region ´s indigenous cultures depicts Japanese imperialism (Iwabuchi 2001, pp. 12). During the early years of Japanese visual industry, most of the products were imports from Hollywood. However, the country realized that the best way forward was to indigenize and localize American popular culture by interpreting the American ideas to fit the Japanese context. Due to the cultural proximity, Japanese products found an audience within the other East Asia countries who could largely relate their own culture with that of the Japanese culture albeit with much influence from the more superior American culture, which other societies consider modern and hence use it as a measure of their own culture against modernity. Since Japan ´s influence came from the indigenization of the western ideals, there is a consciousness that the rest of the East Asian societies could do the same. Therefore, Japanese culture remains dominant due to the realization that its greatest strength is the influence of the western ideals and their localization into the indigenous context. The greatest weapon that the Japanese influence employs is the depiction of their culture as being superior. This leaves the consumer of a product like a TV drama craving to be part of the dream that is depicted in the drama. As such, people who

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Jamie Dimon and Succession Planning at JP Morgan Essay

Jamie Dimon and Succession Planning at JP Morgan - Essay Example In the case of JPMorgan, the post of Chairman and CEO is being held by Jamie Dimon, giving rise to controversial as well as key points of discussion. Thus, the discussion will be regarding JPMorgan’s organizational structure and corporate governance, particularly whether Dimon can have both the jobs and whether that arrangement can serve the company as well as shareholders, how it can impact knowledge management and also search for the new successor. As pointed out above, when compared to most publicly held companies, JP Morgan is following the structure of keeping or appointing a single person for the two key leadership posts of Chairman and CEO, in the form of Jamie Dimon. While Lloyd C. Blankfein, chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs Group Inc â€Å"reached an agreement with an investor last year to drop a proposal for an independent chairman after giving expanded responsibilities to its lead independent director†, Kennett Lewis of Bank of America Corp. could not hold on to the dual posts as the â€Å"investors voted to strip the chairman’s title in the aftermath of the Merrill Lynch & Co. takeover and federal bailout.† (Kopecki, 2013). When one focuses on Dimon’s, he entered JPMorgan, albeit in an indirect manner, in early 2000s when JPMorgan acquired Bank One, in which Dimon was the Chairman as well as the CEO. After acquisition and the resultant merger, Dimon became the President as well as COO of the combined company. Then, in 2005, he was appointed as the CEO of JPMorgan Chase and then a year later, he became the chairman of the board. (â€Å"Board of Directors†, n. d). From that time, he has been holding the dual posts, and although he has been performing well, certain events in the recent past led to questions being raised regarding the effectiveness of Dimon holding both the key leadership posts. The key event that raised the pitch against him was the JPMorgan’s $6 billion trading losses in London dubbed as ‘London

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Finncil Mrkets nd Monetry Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finncil Mrkets nd Monetry Policy - Assignment Example "In that sense I think the outlook is 'bimodal' - in terms of there being two main stories. The orthodox story, to which I gave most weight in my November vote, required a small tightening," he said. On the significance of the 15 per cent annual rise in broad money supply, Mr Tucker said it was important to look at what was contributing to the growth: "One has to get one's hands dirty in analysing the money numbers." (Daneshkhu, 2006) The rection of the finncil community to the increse of interest rtes by the Bnk of Englnd showed tht they believed tht the consumer price index would remin bove trget if rtes were left unchnged t 4.75 per cent. Growth ws firm nd hd left smll mrgin of spre cpcity, they rgued, while the risks from slowing US economy hd diminished. The still buoynt housing mrket might spur consumer spending, though it ws ccepted tht household indebtedness could ct s restrint. In ddition, the mjority remined concerned tht the upcoming New Yer py round my pose risk s workers noted tht the retil price index ws t n eight yer pek of 3.7 per cent. "There ws risk tht employees would seek to negotite higher wges in order to resist the erosion of their purchsing power ccording to tht index," sid the Bnk. (Daneshkhu, 2006) The mjorityThe mjority gin reiterted their concerns tht the fst pce of brod money growth could further fuel sset price infltion nd tht tht if infltion continued bove trget for much longer, tht might come to be reflected in infltion expecttions. ll these fctors posed upside risks to infltion. In contrst, one member, presumed to be Ms Lomx, "plced more weight on the downside risks to demnd nd infltion." (Fifield, 2006) The member lso rgued tht the ugust rte rise hd not yet fully been fully felt nd tht the Bnk ws underestimting the risks to demnd of slowing US economy. Rising unemployment ws likely to leve wge growth muted. nother member, believed to be Dvid Blnch flower, rgued tht the "current spike in infltion ws minly relted to lrge gs nd electricity price increses, which were still more thn offsetting the recent fllbck in petrol prices." Infltion would fll shrply next yer s their impct dissipted. Richrd McGuire t RBC Cpitl Mrkets sid the split vote might be interpreted by the mrket s reducing the momentum for nother increse in the cost of borrowing. "While it remins close cll, we continue to see the blnce of probbilities slnted towrd the Bnk of Englnd remining t the sidelines in Februry, view which hs received some support from tody's minutes." (Fifield, 2006) b) On wht grounds hs this interest rte increse hs been justifiedRises in interest rtes re justified by the forecsting tht Bnk of Englnd hs mde in reference to the growth during the next yer nd infltion tht will remin t or bove its trget over the next two yers. Addressing the Financial Markets Association in London, Paul Tucker said he had voted for last month's quarter-point increase in the Bank's main rate to 5 per cent. "With headline inflation tangibly above target in the run-up to the main, new year wage bargaining season and with the market clearly expecting that policy would be tightened, a small increase in bank rate was,

Monday, September 9, 2019

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera Essay

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera - Essay Example In addition, a camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal to display a moving picture. A mobile communication terminal equipped with the camera can display the moving picture and a still picture by taking a photograph of an object, and can also transmit a photographed image to other mobile communication terminals. in this way we can able to display the moving picture if any camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal which have some high speed data and communication and voice communication will also be attended by using a mobile communication terminal. However, when taking a photograph by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, a user must manually push a button on the camera body to activate a camera shutter. Therefore, if a user wants to take a photograph of himself/herself by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button. Accordingly, although the user can take a photograph of his or her face or other body part, it is impossible to photograph the user's entire body when the user takes a photograph of him/her using the camera of the mobile communication terminal. by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button.3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION - Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a mobile communication terminal capable of taking a photograph by using a remote-controlled camera equipped therein

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Japan's Education System Before And After World War Two Essay

Japan's Education System Before And After World War Two - Essay Example The teaching culture in Japan differs greatly from that of schools in the west. Teachers are particularly concerned about developing the holistic child and regard it as their task to focus on matters such as personal hygiene, nutrition, sleep that are not ordinarily thought of as part of the teacher's duties in the west. Students are also taught proper manners, how to speak politely and how to address adults as well as how to relate to their peers in the appropriate manner. They also learn public speaking skills through the routine class meetings as well as many school events during the school year (Education in Japan). Japanese educational system is trying to develop the complete personality of a child. Unlike the western educational system, the teachers in Japan undertake more responsibilities in the making of a Japanese child into a socially acceptable and professionally skilled future citizen. Elementary educational system is completely different in Japan when we compare it with that of other countries. The supervision of teachers in elementary classes is negligible. The children are free to make noises and have the freedom to engage in whatever the activities they like. At the same time, teachers may not give the burden of home works or assignments during this period. In short, Japanese children were able to enjoy the elementary education as much as possible. Such a curriculum approach is undertaken in Japan in order to prevent children from hating education. Even though elementary education is enjoyable to the children, the education following elementary education may not be so. The sense of competitiveness is created during the high school... This essay stresses that Japan is not adamant in sticking with any particular system of education always. They update their educational system and curriculum time to time to meet the changing needs of the students. They are not reluctant in introducing or incorporating new technologies with the educational system in Japan. Computer assisted education is prominent in Japan at present. In fact the ability to adapt with new situations and challenges is the major reason why Japan is still able to maintain highest quality in educational sector. The influence of American culture was earlier visible in Japanese educational system after WW2. However, Japan has realized that the American model may not be suitable to their educational requirements and currently they are trying to move in the opposite direction. As a result of that, currently, â€Å"Education reformers in Japan are seeking some decentralization of control, greater diversification of institutions, less uniformity and standardiz ation of curriculum, more flexibility in teaching, and more individualization of instruction† This report makes a conclusion that Japan was able to maintain one of the highest standards of education in the world because of the creative educational reforms implemented in educational sector after WW2. Before WW2, japan was trying to imitate German and French education system and after WW2, they tried to imitate American educational system. However, they realized later that Japan needs an indigenous educational system and the above realization helped them to provide high quality education to its children.

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Water Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water Chemistry - Essay Example Solutions Polysaccharide- these are polymers that are made of several chains of either monosaccharide units or disaccharide units Glucose- this is an example of a monosaccharide. It is a simple sugar consisting of a hydroxyl group (OH) in the structure. Glucose structure Amino acids- organic compounds with an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH). Fats- organic compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen present in their structure. Fats contain glycerol which houses hydroxyl (OH) group and fatty acids which houses carboxyl (COOH) group. Proteins- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in their structure. Proteins consist of both amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups. #2 Solutions (a) Entropy- this is a measure of how much a system is disordered. Denoted by S. (b) Enthalpy- this is the product of pressure of a system and volume of a system added to the internal energy of a system. (c) Gibbs Free Energy- this is the product of entropy and absolute temperature subtracted from the e nthalpy of a system. (d) Exothermic reaction- this is a chemical reaction in which energy is released in the form of either light or heat. Endothermic reaction- this is a chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surrounding. The energy can be in form of heat but not in all cases.

Friday, September 6, 2019

Translation Studies Lecture Essay Example for Free

Translation Studies Lecture Essay Introduction: Translation and Translation Studies Translation and Translation Studies (Definition and a brief history of the discipline) Hermes the god of thieves and liars is also the god of translation. But he has so many other tasks as the god of roads, commerce, travel (these can be connected to translation) as well as arts, magic and crafts not talking about matrimonial matchmaking†¦ A translator has, at least, as many tasks and roles when translating that I hope to show you this term. As a translator, Hermes is a messenger from the gods to humans. As an interpreter who bridges the boundaries with strangers he is a hermeneus. So the word â€Å"hermeneutics† for the art of interpreting hidden meaning can also be traced back to his name. (By the way in Greek a lucky find was also a hermaion. ) What is translation? 1/ oral form is called interpreting or interpretation 2/ written form is called translation that has roughly 2 main categories from our point of view: (a) specialized translation (b) literary translation (Task: Look up the word in different dictionaries and see how different explanations work) e. g translation (an on-line dictionary; mind the phrase underlined: do you agree? ) – a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language – a uniform movement without rotation (see the meaning of Hungarian word ‘forditas’); [cf. ‘What’s in a Word? ’ my lecture of April 08, 2007 now an article in Faces of English soon in print] – the act of changing in form or shape or appearance; a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface etc. The most common explanation: translation is the expression in one language (target language TL) what has been expressed in the source language (SL) Meaning: †¢ the notion of movement btw. languages †¢ †¦of some kind of content and context †¢ †¦of obligation to find â€Å"equivalents† (expression commonly used in the 1960s and ‘70s; linguistic schools) which â€Å"preserve† features of the original Is total equivalence possible? There is no absolute synonymy btw. words in the same language; even less btw. different languages (one of the causes some say it is impossible to translate). – sg. ‘lost’ or ‘gained’ in the process – translators ‘betraying’ the author’s intentions (cf: Hermes; Italian proverb: traduttore traditore). ’translator is a traitor’ ‘a fordito ferdito’ (Kosztolanyi ABECE a forditasrol†¦. Gondolat, 1957) The term Translation has several meanings: Translation – the general subject field, the abstract concept encompassing the other two Translating – the process, the activity (our main interests during the term) A Translation – the product, the translated text, the target language text A theory of translation must explain both the process and the product. Previously it was rather the product theorists tried to analyse, later interest turned towards the process, and translation today is as much about the translation of cultural, political, and historical contexts and concepts as it is about language. (cf. The cultural turn of the 1990s! the emergence of a new discipline called Cultural Studies that uses translation moreover literary translation as its main field of comparative analysis; all these have generated the emergence of an independent discipline called Translation Studies. ) Cf. [translation turn in Cultural Studies; translating cultures is not â€Å"cultural translation†; see Rushdie= a translated man] (LITERARY) TRANSLATION v v Linguistics (applied linguistics) Literature (comparative literature) Both fields dealt with it marginally and created their own translation theories, explanations (by researchers in linguistics and in literature but not translators! ) First linguists: looking for basic similarities in languages – computers, machine translation They try to understand the mental process of translation: what happens in the ‘black box’ the mind of the translator. (Input and output) 1)Psychological studies: cognitive science (a) perception (b) information processing (encoding and decoding of messages) ( c )memory 2)Language (concerned with psychological a social aspects) (a)psycholinguistics – the process in the mind of the translator focus on decoding and encoding (b)sociolinguistics – place SLT and TLT in their cultural contexts focus on the participants (nature of the message; how codes are used etc) (results made possible to create computer programmes that work in the case of simple systems such as METEO: weather forecast uses a relatively small vocabulary cf. Lecture 3. ) All translation is communication (and all communication is translation) The basic scheme (monolingual): 1/ receive signals containing messages in a communicative system 2/ deconstruct. 3/ reconstruct (vertical transfer e. g. historical epochs; horizontal transfer: e. g. social classes)–(cf. readers’ interpretation of a text) The basic scheme ( BILINGUAL ) The translator is a communicator, â€Å"a mediating agent† btw. 2 different languages – 2 different monolingual language communities; decodes message transmitted in one lang. and re-encodes it in another. The main diff. lies in the encoding, re-encoding process: †¢ the message must be re-encoded into a different language †¢ the same message as received †¢ aimed at a group of receivers who are not the same as the original sender  Faced by a text we have to work out 1) the semantic sense of words, sentences †¦ 2) its communicative value 3) its place in time and space 4) information about the participants involved both in its production and reception There are 6 questions to consider: 1 WHAT? – message contained in the text 2 WHY? – intention of the sender (purpose of the text issued; underlying structure : informing; persuading, flattering etc. but text usually possess more than a single function – multiple function – task of the receiver to find primary intention, function 3 WHEN? – time of communication realized in the text (e. g.historical context; past, present, future†¦) 4 HOW? – a) manner of delivery (serious, ironic); tenor of discourse b) medium of communication (channels: verbal, writing†¦); mode of discourse 5 WHERE? – place of communication (physical location realized in text) 6 WHO? Participants involved in communication (sender –source language, receiver –target language (reveal characteristics of speaker/writer as individual) Lets see the a model of communication in the case of translation proper: 1 translator receives signal 1 containing message 2 recognizes code 1 3 decodes signal 1 source language 4 retrieves message  5 comprehends message - 6 translator selects code 2 target language 7 encodes message by means of code 2 8 selects channel 9 transmits signal 2 containing message (Bell: 19). As a result: there are 2 codes, 2 signals 2 texts –2 sets of content (more than 1 message) as there is no 100% equivalence – 2 kinds of explanation Translation process: transformation of SL text into TL text by means of processes, which take place within memory 1) analysis of SL text (language specific) into a non-lang. specific, universal semantic representation (cf.  metatext) 2) synthesis of it into another lang. specific (TL) text Theory won’t solve translators’ problems but helps when looking for solutions in particular cases. (more conscious ). What is the unit of translation? Word, phrase, sentence, paragraph –but one has to have the whole text (with its special qualities) in mind when trying to find solutions! What is translation studies? A new academic discipline that is a) multilingual, b) interdisciplinary James Holmes defined it as â€Å"the complex of problems clustered round the phenomenon of translating and translation. It is really the discipline of the 1990’s: 1)a number of specialized translating and interpreting courses (in the UK. at least 20 postgraduate courses in 2000) and even more BA course at departments of translation in a number of European and non-European countries. / A smaller number of schools specialized in literary translation (but nearly everywhere in Europe! ) 2) conferences and workshops (organized by universities and international societies e. g. EST) 3) journals Babel (NL), Meta (Ca), Target (Israel/Belgium)†¦ 4) Publisher specialized on TS: Multilingual Matters, John Benjamins, Rodopi, Routledge, St. Jerome.